盘算机的开机,说着简朴,但也有很多细节问题,大多数人并不是很清楚
不过,大概顺序就是如许:
BIOS程序运行 -> 查找启动区 -> 跳转到体系 -> ......
按顺序讲解, 只是简朴说说
1. 加载BIOS
起首, 按下开机键之后, 电源进行初始化, 以确保硬件的供电可靠, 准备好后, 主板上的硬件电路会将一些存在于各硬件ROM里的程序加载到RAM, 然后给CPU发复位(reset)信号
CPU在接到复位信号后, 开始执行, 但RAM内什么都没有, 但硬件工程师们肯定知道这种环境, 以是CPU会直接加载BIOS程序, 通常就在0xFFFF0处, 但这个位置只有16字节的空间, 以是常常只有一个JMP指令
也就是
jmp far f000:e05b ; 跳转到0xfe05b执行紧接着BIOS会执行开机自检, 以及一系列跟初始化有关的东西
参考
2. 加载启动区
如果一切完成, BIOS将会扫描每个硬盘设备(实在每个储存设备都行,包括硬盘,U盘,软盘,光盘,或者类似的东西)中0盘0道1扇区的内容,如果这一扇区的最后两字节是0x55 0xaa,BIOS就会认为它是启动区,并复制到内存0x7c00位置
复制完之后, BIOS将直接跳转到0x7c00, 也就是BIOS的任务终结了
为什么非要是 0x7c00 呢?BIOS开辟团队是如许定的,改了会不兼容。
3. 体系内核
颠末之前的积极, 终于进入了内核, 不过如果你聪明, 肯定知道启动区里绝对是要跳转的, 因为现代OS肯定大于512字节, 然后就是OS的代码了
OS的操作这里不提, 大概就是 设置中断,GDT,开掩护模式,分页,然后规划内存, 然后启动体系各个历程
这里附Linux0.11的启动区bootsert.s (给自己挪个位, 输出Loading system ..., 加载磁盘中剩下的代码)
;; SYS_SIZE is the number of clicks (16 bytes) to be loaded.; 0x3000 is 0x30000 bytes = 196kB, more than enough for current; versions of linux;SYSSIZE = 0x3000;; bootsect.s (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds;; bootsect.s is loaded at 0x7c00 by the bios-startup routines, and moves; iself out of the way to address 0x90000, and jumps there.;; It then loads 'setup' directly after itself (0x90200), and the system; at 0x10000, using BIOS interrupts. ;; NOTE; currently system is at most 8*65536 bytes long. This should be no; problem, even in the future. I want to keep it simple. This 512 kB; kernel size should be enough, especially as this doesn't contain the; buffer cache as in minix;; The loader has been made as simple as possible, and continuos; read errors will result in a unbreakable loop. Reboot by hand. It; loads pretty fast by getting whole sectors at a time whenever possible..globl begtext, begdata, begbss, endtext, enddata, endbss.textbegtext:.databegdata:.bssbegbss:.textSETUPLEN = 4 ; nr of setup-sectorsBOOTSEG = 0x07c0 ; original address of boot-sectorINITSEG = 0x9000 ; we move boot here - out of the waySETUPSEG = 0x9020 ; setup starts hereSYSSEG = 0x1000 ; system loaded at 0x10000 (65536).ENDSEG = SYSSEG + SYSSIZE ; where to stop loading; ROOT_DEV: 0x000 - same type of floppy as boot.; 0x301 - first partition on first drive etcROOT_DEV = 0x306entry startstart: mov ax,#BOOTSEG mov ds,ax mov ax,#INITSEG mov es,ax mov cx,#256 sub si,si sub di,di rep movw jmpi go,INITSEGgo: mov ax,cs mov ds,ax mov es,ax; put stack at 0x9ff00. mov ss,ax mov sp,#0xFF00 ; arbitrary value >>512; load the setup-sectors directly after the bootblock.; Note that 'es' is already set up.load_setup: mov dx,#0x0000 ; drive 0, head 0 mov cx,#0x0002 ; sector 2, track 0 mov bx,#0x0200 ; address = 512, in INITSEG mov ax,#0x0200+SETUPLEN ; service 2, nr of sectors int 0x13 ; read it ; BIOS留的中断, 读文件 jnc ok_load_setup ; ok - continue mov dx,#0x0000 mov ax,#0x0000 ; reset the diskette int 0x13 j load_setupok_load_setup:; Get disk drive parameters, specifically nr of sectors/track mov dl,#0x00 mov ax,#0x0800 ; AH=8 is get drive parameters int 0x13 mov ch,#0x00 seg cs mov sectors,cx mov ax,#INITSEG mov es,ax; Print some inane message mov ah,#0x03 ; read cursor pos xor bh,bh int 0x10 mov cx,#24 mov bx,#0x0007 ; page 0, attribute 7 (normal) mov bp,#msg1 mov ax,#0x1301 ; write string, move cursor int 0x10; ok, we've written the message, now; we want to load the system (at 0x10000) mov ax,#SYSSEG mov es,ax ; segment of 0x010000 call read_it call kill_motor; After that we check which root-device to use. If the device is; defined (!= 0), nothing is done and the given device is used.; Otherwise, either /dev/PS0 (2,28) or /dev/at0 (2,8), depending; on the number of sectors that the BIOS reports currently. seg cs mov ax,root_dev cmp ax,#0 jne root_defined seg cs mov bx,sectors mov ax,#0x0208 ; /dev/ps0 - 1.2Mb cmp bx,#15 je root_defined mov ax,#0x021c ; /dev/PS0 - 1.44Mb cmp bx,#18 je root_definedundef_root: jmp undef_rootroot_defined: seg cs mov root_dev,ax; after that (everyting loaded), we jump to; the setup-routine loaded directly after; the bootblock: jmpi 0,SETUPSEG; This routine loads the system at address 0x10000, making sure; no 64kB boundaries are crossed. We try to load it as fast as; possible, loading whole tracks whenever we can.;; in: es - starting address segment (normally 0x1000);sread: .word 1+SETUPLEN ; sectors read of current trackhead: .word 0 ; current headtrack: .word 0 ; current trackread_it: mov ax,es test ax,#0x0fffdie: jne die ; es must be at 64kB boundary xor bx,bx ; bx is starting address within segmentrp_read: mov ax,es cmp ax,#ENDSEG ; have we loaded all yet? jb ok1_read retok1_read: seg cs mov ax,sectors sub ax,sread mov cx,ax shl cx,#9 add cx,bx jnc ok2_read je ok2_read xor ax,ax sub ax,bx shr ax,#9ok2_read: call read_track mov cx,ax add ax,sread seg cs cmp ax,sectors jne ok3_read mov ax,#1 sub ax,head jne ok4_read inc trackok4_read: mov head,ax xor ax,axok3_read: mov sread,ax shl cx,#9 add bx,cx jnc rp_read mov ax,es add ax,#0x1000 mov es,ax xor bx,bx jmp rp_readread_track: push ax push bx push cx push dx mov dx,track mov cx,sread inc cx mov ch,dl mov dx,head mov dh,dl mov dl,#0 and dx,#0x0100 mov ah,#2 int 0x13 jc bad_rt pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax retbad_rt: mov ax,#0 mov dx,#0 int 0x13 pop dx pop cx pop bx pop ax jmp read_track/* * This procedure turns off the floppy drive motor, so * that we enter the kernel in a known state, and * don't have to worry about it later. */kill_motor: push dx mov dx,#0x3f2 mov al,#0 outb pop dx retsectors: .word 0msg1: .byte 13,10 .ascii "Loading system ..." .byte 13,10,13,10.org 508root_dev: .word ROOT_DEVboot_flag: .word 0xAA55 ; 看看这里, 是不是以0xaa55结束?.textendtext:.dataenddata:.bssendbss:完
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